Profile and Biography of Queen Elizabeth II, Former Head of the British Empire in Religious Studies (Rhyme in Peace september 8, 22)

 Elizabeth II leaves this world on September 8, 2022. Prior to this, the health status of Queen Elizabeth II was reported to be declining.

Elizabeth II is the monarch who has held that position for the longest in English language history.

The following is a profile and biography of Queen Elizabeth II :

The full name is Elizabeth Alexandra Mary.

Date of last mention: April 21, 1926, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom

Died: Aberdeenshire, Balmoral Palace, United Kingdom September 8, 2022 (age 96 years)

father: George VI

Mother: Marguerite Elizabeth Angela Bowes-Lyon

Philip Mountbatten, translator (Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh)

Prince Charles III, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew (Duke of York), and Prince Edward are the royal children (Earl of Wessex)

Sons-in-law: Sophie Rhys-Jones and Camilla Rosemary Sand (Duchess of Cornwall) (Countess of Wessex)

Grandchildren include Princess Beatrice, Princess Eugenie, Lady Louis Windsor James, Viscount Severn, Prince William, Prince Harry, Peter Phillips, and Zara Phillips.

British Empire was ruled from 6 February 1952 until 8 September 2022. (70 years 214 days)

George VI was before him.

Charles III is the successor.

inauguration: 2 June 1953 (age 27)

Elizabeth II is the first child of Raja George VI and Elizabeth Angela Marguerite. The ruler of Monarki for seven decades had a child named Putri Margaret who was more than eight years old. Their mother and nanny, Marion Crawford, educated Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret at home.

Elizabeth is viewed by Marion Crawford as a responsible, orderly individual who enjoys horses and pets. Elizabeth's cousins recalled her as a happy young child who was also sensible and well-behaved by nature.

At Westminster Abbey, Queen Elizabeth II wed Philip Mountbatten on November 20, 1947.

Queen Elizabeth II and her husband are third cousins through Queen Victoria and second cousins through King Christian IX of Denmark.

Elizabeth and Philip were able to have four children together.

Prince Charles, who was born on November 14, 1948, comes first. Princess Anne, who was born on August 15, 1950, comes in second.

Prince Edward, born on March 10, 1964, and Prince Andrew, born on February 19, 1960, respectively, are the following two. Elizabeth's death occurs on April 9, 2021, when she is 99 years old. Elizabeth II passes away on September 8, 2022 due to deteriorating health conditions.

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Hello World : COVID-19's Development and Effects in India

 

Numerous cases have been documented globally as a result of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which started in the Chinese city of Wuhan. In India, 56,342 positive cases have been reported as of May 8th, 2020. India, home to over 1.34 billion people and the second-largest population in the world, will struggle to stop the spread of the coronavirus 2 associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. The current outbreak would require a variety of approaches, including the quick creation of a new therapy as well as computational modeling, statistical techniques, and quantitative assessments to control the spread.

The Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has made people aware of the current outbreak and has taken the required steps to stop COVID-19 from spreading. To do this, the federal and state governments are taking a number of actions and creating a number of wartime protocols. In addition, the Indian government imposed a 55-day nationwide lockdown beginning on March 25, 2020, to stop the spread of the illness. This outbreak is intrinsically tied to the country's economy since it has severely hampered industrial sectors and because individuals around the world are currently reluctant to conduct business in the affected areas.

Indian Situation Right Now

The coronavirus illness (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was initially discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and afterwards spread to many other regions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recorded 3,759,967 positive COVID-19 cases as of May 8th, 2020, and the number of deaths related to COVID-19 had reached 259,474 globally. More than 212 nations and territories have now received official confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The WHO designated COVID-19 as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 30, 2020.

On January 30, 2020, Kerala, a state in India, reported the country's first SARS-CoV-2 positive case. The number of instances thereafter sharply increased. The National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, and an associated testing laboratory received a total of 14,37,788 suspicious samples, according to a news statement issued by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) on May 8th, 2020. 56,342 of them had SARS-CoV-2 positive test results. Table 1 lists the states in which positive cases have occurred up until May 8, 2020, and a map of India shows where the instances have occurred (Figure 1).

More than 1,393,301 travelers have been examined for SARS-CoV-2 at Indian airports, with 111 positive cases among foreign nationals. Recently, about 197,192 Indians have been repatriated from afflicted areas (4, 5). Maharashtra, Delhi, and Gujarat states were listed as COVID-19 epicenters as of May 8th, 2020, with 17,974, 5,980, and 7,012 confirmed cases, respectively. In India, 1,886 fatalities have been documented, and 16,540 people have made a full recovery. The "Janata curfew" (14-hour lockdown) was imposed on March 22, 2020, to create social distance.

On March 25th, 2020, a new lockdown for 21 days began. It was then prolonged until May 3rd, 2020, but due to an increase of positive cases, the lockdown has now been extended a third time, this time until May 17th, 2020. In India, 26 states and 6 union territories have recorded COVID-19 instances out of the country's 32 states and 8 union territories. As of May 4th, 2020, the health ministry has additionally designated 130 districts as hotspot zones or red zones, 284 as orange zones (with few SARS-CoV-2 infections), and 319 as green zones (with no SARS-CoV-2 infection).

These hotspot areas are where more than 80% of cases nationwide are reported, according to research. Hotspot districts include 19 districts in Uttar Pradesh, followed by 14 and 12 districts in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, respectively. In these confinement zones, total lockdown was put into place to halt or reduce community transmission. 310 public laboratories and 111 commercial laboratories across the nation were conducting SARS-CoV-2 testing as of May 8th, 2020. According to the ICMR study, 14,37,788 samples have been tested thus far, or 1.04 per 1,000 people.

 Table 1 

Current status of reported positive coronavirus 

disease cases in India (State-wise).

FIGURE 1: A map of India showing the 

distribution of positive coronavirus 

illness cases by state.

Previous Coronavirus Outbreaks and COVID-19

The recent Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and COVID-19 epidemics in numerous nations are comparable to the earlier outbreaks of SARS and MERS that appeared in China and Saudi Arabia in 2003 and 2012, respectively (8–10). Both SARS and COVID-19 are respiratory illnesses brought on by the coronavirus; they have a significant impact on disease outbreaks globally and damage the respiratory system. SARS-CoV is the cause of SARS, whereas COVID-19 is brought on by SARS-CoV-2. SARS and COVID-19 have no specific treatments available as of yet. There is some data that suggests SARS-CoV-2, despite being a novel member of the coronavirus family, is similar to the human coronavirus HKU1 and 229E strains in the ongoing fight against COVID-19 (11, 12). According to these reports, people lack protection to this virus, which makes it easy and quick for human populations to contract it through contact with an infected person. More people can contract SARS-CoV-2 than SARS-CoV. The viral load (quantity of virus) tends to be relatively higher in COVID-19-positive patients, especially in the nose and throat right after they begin to experience symptoms, and the binding affinity of SARS-CoV-2 to host cell receptors is higher than that of SARS-CoV, according to two potential causes: I (13, 14). Table 2 lists the further comparisons between SARS and COVID-19, and this page includes sources supporting those comparisons (1, 15, 16).

COVID-19's effects on India and the world economy

India is preparing for the COVID-19 outbreak in accordance with official government directives, but failing to take certain crisis measures or underestimating their significance may have very serious repercussions. India's surrounding nations have all reported COVID-19 positive cases. The Indian government has established health checkpoints between the country's borders to determine whether persons entering the country have the deadly virus in order to defend against it (17). For citizens trying to re-enter their home countries from China, various nations have implemented rescue operations and surveillance measures.

The first lesson from the SARS pandemic was that China's standing abroad and its economic development were harmed by the lack of clarity and knowledge about SARS (10, 18–20). Health care and medical systems have changed as a result of China's tragic SARS outbreak (18, 20). India appears to have significantly less capacity to fight off a pandemic than China does. According to a recent study, infected family members had not visited the Wuhan market in China, raising the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 could spread undetected (21). This behaviour, according to researchers, is typical for many viruses. India, which has the second-largest population in the world with around 1.34 billion people, would have trouble treating severe COVID-19 cases because it only has 49,000 ventilators, which is a pitiful number. It would be catastrophic for India if the number of COVID-19 cases increased across the country (22). Finding the sources of an infection and individuals who come into contact with them would be challenging. This would need for a variety of epidemic management techniques, such as computational modeling as well as statistical and quantitative analytics, to quickly create novel vaccinations and medication treatments.

India's medical system is woefully insufficient for its enormous population. According to a study, India's insufficient medical care systems cause roughly 1 million deaths annually (23). India also conducts business with nations that are close by, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan, Myanmar, China, and Nepal. Only 1.56% of India's $769 billion in overall world trade value was made up of its almost $12 billion in regional trade during the fiscal year 2017–18 (FY2017–18). Such virus outbreaks and their spread will have a major impact on the Indian economy. Given that trade ports with China are now blocked, the epidemic in China might have a significant impact on the Indian economy, particularly in the electronics, pharmaceutical, and logistics industries. Suyash Choudhary, Head—Fixed Income, IDFC AMC, stated that GDP may decline due to COVID-19, which provided more evidence for this (24).

When compared to the effects of SARS in 2003, economists anticipate that the economic impact of COVID-19 will be significant and adverse. For instance, compared to visitors who visited during the 2003 SARS outbreak season, it has been projected that the number of tourists coming in China was significantly higher. This demonstrates how COVID-19 has an impact on the travel and tourism sector. According to estimates, the amount of passengers traveling by train and by road fell by 57 and 45%, respectively, as a result of SARS (25).

In addition, global economies now are considerably more interconnected than they were 15 years ago. According to estimates, COVID-19 will have a negative influence on oil prices and emerging market currencies (26–28). From the standpoint of the retail sector, consumer savings appear to be substantial. Given that all supply chains are likely to be impacted, this might have a negative influence on consumption rates. This would then have an impact on supply when compared to demand for various vital product items (29).

This demonstrates unequivocally that we cannot now assess the impact of COVID-19 based on the estimated losses resulting from the effect of SARS on tourism (retail sales decreased by approximately USD 12–18 billion, and USD 30-100 billion was lost at a worldwide macroeconomic level). This won't be achievable until COVID-19's spread is completely contained. Any estimates made before that point will be fairly vague and approximate (19). Briefing reports on the OECD Interim Economic Assessment have highlighted China's contribution to the global supply chain and commodity markets. The nations that are most vulnerable to negative repercussions are Japan, South Korea, and Australia because of their close relations to China.

According to estimates, car sales have decreased by 20%, accounting for 10% of China's monthly loss in January 2020. This demonstrates how COVID-19 has impacted all forms of industrial production. Thus far, a number of factors have been identified as having a significant economic impact, including labor mobility, a lack of working hours, disruptions in the global supply chain, decreased consumption and tourism, and decreased global demand for commodities (30), all of which need to be properly analyzed by industry type. Corporate executives must put consumer demand demands above supply chain and product line trends.

In the middle of numerous discussions on a sustainable economy prior to the impact of COVID-19, the International Monetary Fund has recently forecasted that India's GDP will drop from 5.8% for the FY21 to 1.9%. As a result of the financial crisis brought on by the global standstill, which has a negative impact on many businesses and the global supply chain, the GDP for FY20, which was earlier expected to be 4.8%, has decreased to 4.2%. However, it has been broadly predicted that among other big economies, China and India will have significant positive growth (31).

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Hello World : WHO ; Drug resistance for HIV

 

Overview HIV

Antiretroviral therapy (ART), which has helped tens of millions of individuals living with HIV/AIDS, has seen an unparalleled rise in use over the past ten years. Out of an estimated 37.7 million persons living with HIV, 27.5 million were receiving ART globally as of the end of 2020.

The evolution of HIV treatment resistance, whose levels have gradually risen in recent years, has coincided with growing usage of HIV medications.

HIV genetic mutations that affect a treatment's capacity to stop the virus from replicating are what lead to HIV drug resistance. Due to the advent of drug-resistant viruses, all antiretroviral medications, even those from more recent pharmacological classes, run the danger of going partially or completely inactive. HIV drug resistance puts the effectiveness of HIV medications in jeopardy if it is not prevented, leading to a rise in HIV infections and HIV-related morbidity and mortality.

Size of the issue

HIV medication resistance monitoring gives nations data they can utilize to improve patient and population-level treatment outcomes. WHO recommends that nations regularly carry out surveys on HIV drug resistance in various populations, including adults, kids, and teenagers.

The implementation of nationally representative surveys in low- and middle-income countries, as well as the formulation of national action plans to prevent, monitor, and address HIV drug resistance, have advanced significantly, according to the WHO's Report on HIV Drug Resistance 2021. As of 2021, national action plans had been created in 64% of the nations with a high prevalence of HIV. 34 nations intend to carry out HIV drug resistance surveys during the next two years. Between 2004 and 2021, 66 countries implemented surveys of HIV drug resistance using WHO-recommended standard procedures.

HIV medication resistance during pretreatment

Some individuals already exhibit drug resistance before starting treatment. This resistance may be developed during prior treatments or transmitted at the time of infection, as in the case of women who use antiretroviral medication to stop HIV from being passed from mother to child.

In order to make the best choice of first-line regimens, WHO advises monitoring HIV medication resistance in adults starting or restarting ART as well as in treatment-naive newborns starting ART.

When initiating HIV treatment, up to 10% of individuals may have medication resistance to the NNRTI drug class. People who have previously taken antiretroviral medications are up to three times more likely to develop pretreatment NNRTI resistance. Children under the age of 18 months who have just been diagnosed with HIV have a high prevalence of drug-resistant HIV. According to surveys done in ten sub-Saharan African nations between 2012 and 2020, over half of babies with newly discovered HIV already had NNRTI-resistant virus.

The urgency of accelerating the switch to the dolutegravir-based treatments advised by the WHO is highlighted by the global incidence of NNRTI resistance in both adults and newborns.

acquired medication resistance to HIV

The purpose of HIV treatment, viral load suppression, is to avoid the development of HIV medication resistance. HIV that has developed treatment resistance is less likely to spread when viral load reduction is attained and maintained. Adults using ART generally had high levels of viral load suppression in 14 nationally representative studies conducted between 2015 and 2020. For people taking first-line ART, the combined outcomes for viral load suppression in Africa were 94% (95% CI 92-96%), and for those receiving second-line ART, they were 84% (95% CI 79-88%). For individuals getting first-line ART in the Americas, the pooled results for viral load suppression were 81% (95% CI 75-87%) and for those receiving second-line ART, they were 70% (95% CI 67-72%).

Some HIV drug resistance is anticipated to develop despite therapy with powerful medications and even when adherence to treatment is encouraged. For the best choice and management of ART regimens, surveillance of acquired HIV drug resistance in people undergoing ART offers valuable information. Resistance to routinely used NNRTIs varied from 50% to 97% among populations that failed NNRTI-based ART.

The high rates of HIV medication resistance to NNRTIs among those who experience treatment failure highlight the need for expanded viral load testing, improved adherence counseling, and rapid therapy switching.

Fortunately, nations are implementing dolutegravir-containing regimens for both adults and children very quickly. It has been demonstrated that dolutegravir-based ART is associated with very high levels of viral load suppression and that patients who fail it do not develop as much acquired resistance. Global statistics on the establishment of HIV resistance to dolutegravir are currently scarce.

According to WHO, nations should regularly monitor the development of HIV medication resistance in adults, kids, and teenagers using ART using either a viral load laboratory-based method or an ART clinic-based method. Depending on the availability of deidentified demographic data and the extent of national viral load testing coverage, a particular strategy may be employed.

Pre-exposure medication for the prevention of HIV

Many people who are at high risk of being exposed to HIV take medications every day to lower their risk of contracting the illness. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is advised by the WHO as an alternative HIV preventive option.

People using PrEP are less likely to contract HIV, especially those who take their meds as prescribed. However, medication resistance frequently develops among those who contract HIV despite using PrEP. Due to overlapping antiretroviral medication resistance profiles used for both PrEP and treatment, this may result in fewer alternatives for HIV treatment.

WHO advises that countries carry out nationally representative surveys to track the levels of HIV drug resistance among those beginning treatment, those receiving treatment, and those using PrEP who contract HIV in order to monitor the ongoing efficacy of HIV medications used for both treatment and prevention.

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Dioxins and their effects on human health (WHO : World Health Organization) with I'm World

  

Background

Environmental contaminants include dioxins. They are part of the "dirty dozen," a collection of hazardous substances known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Because of their potential to be extremely hazardous, dioxins are a problem. They have an impact on a variety of organs and systems, according to experiments.

Due to their chemical stability and capacity to be absorbed by adipose tissue, where they are then retained in the body, dioxins have a lengthy half-life once they enter the body. They have a 7 to 11-year half-life in the human body. Dioxins frequently build up in the food chain after entering the environment. The concentration of dioxins increases with an animal's position in the food chain.

Tetrachlorodibenzo- 2,3,7,8-dioxin is the chemical name for dioxin (TCDD). The family of chemically and structurally related polychlorinated dibenzo para dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans is frequently referred to as "dioxins" (PCDFs). The name "dioxins" also refers to a number of PCBs that have hazardous qualities comparable to those of dioxins. There are 419 different types of dioxin-related chemicals known, but only around 30 of them are thought to be harmful in any noticeable way, with TCDD being the most toxic.

sources of contamination with dioxin

Dioxins can also be produced naturally, such as during volcanic eruptions and forest fires, but they are primarily byproducts of industrial operations. Dioxins are undesirable by-products of numerous manufacturing processes, such as smelting, chlorine bleaching of paper pulp, and the production of various herbicides and insecticides. Uncontrolled waste incinerators (solid waste and hospital waste) are frequently the worst offenders when it comes to the release of dioxin into the environment because of incomplete combustion. There is technology that enables reduced dioxin emissions during regulated waste incineration.

Although dioxins are formed locally, their circulation in the environment is worldwide. Environmental sources around the world contain dioxins. The largest concentrations of these substances can be found in certain soils, sediments, and food—particularly dairy, meat, fish, and shellfish. Plants, water, and air all have extremely low quantities.

There are vast collections of used industrial oils containing PCBs, many of which include high concentrations of PCDFs. The wrong handling and long-term storage of this chemical could cause dioxin to leak into the environment and contaminate human and animal food supplies. Waste containing PCBs is difficult to get rid of without contaminating the environment and people. Such materials need to be handled as hazardous trash, and the best way to get rid of them is through burning at high temperatures in specialized facilities.

incidences of dioxin contamination

Many nations keep an eye out for dioxins in their food supply. This has helped to prevent larger-scale effects by allowing for the early detection of contamination. In many cases, contaminated animal feed is the source of dioxin contamination. For instance, cases of elevated dioxin levels in milk or animal feed have been linked to clay, fat, or citrus pulp pellets used in the manufacturing of the animal feed.

There have been more substantial instances of dioxin contamination, with wider ramifications in numerous nations.

When testing of pork contained levels of dioxins up to 200 times the acceptable limit, Ireland ordered the recall of large quantities of swine meat and pork products in late 2008. One of the biggest food recalls due to chemical contamination resulted from this. Ireland's risk analyses revealed no issues with regard to public health. The contaminated feed was the source of the contamination.

Belgian chicken and eggs were found to contain significant amounts of dioxins in 1999. Dioxin-contaminated animal-based foods (poultry, eggs, and pork) were later found in a number of other nations. Animal feed contaminated with improperly disposed of PCB-based waste industrial oil was found to be the root of the problem.

At a chemical factory in Seveso, Italy, a catastrophic accident in 1976 resulted in the emission of significant amounts of dioxins. A 15 square kilometer area containing 37 000 people was eventually poisoned by a cloud of poisonous chemicals, including TCDD.

The long-term human health repercussions of this tragedy are still being investigated extensively in the impacted population.

As a contaminant in some batches of the herbicide Agent Orange, which was employed as a defoliant during the Vietnam War, TCDD has also been thoroughly investigated for potential health consequences. Diabetes and a possible link to some types of cancer are still being researched.

Although all nations may be impacted, the majority of contamination cases have been documented in industrialized nations due to stronger regulatory oversight, appropriate food contamination monitoring, increased public knowledge of the risk, and the ability to detect dioxin issues.

There have also been a few instances of deliberate human poisoning documented. The most noteworthy occurrence occurred in 2004 when Viktor Yushchenko, the president of the Ukraine, had chloracne that left his face disfigured.

Dioxins' effects on human health

Short-term exposure of people to high amounts of dioxins may cause liver dysfunction as well as skin lesions like chloracne and uneven skin discoloration. The immune system, the developing brain system, the endocrine system, and reproductive systems have all been shown to be compromised by long-term exposure.

Dioxin-exposed animals have developed a variety of cancers as a result of chronic exposure. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the WHO reviewed TCDD in 1997 and 2012. IARC designated TCDD as a "known human carcinogen" based on epidemiological and animal research. The risk of developing cancer would be minimal at levels of exposure below TCDD since it has no effect on genetic material.

Because dioxins are everywhere, everyone has some background exposure to them and a certain amount of them in their bodies, which results in the so-called "body burden." On average, it is not anticipated that current background exposure would have an impact on human health. However, efforts must be made to lower the present background exposure because of the high hazardous potential of this family of chemicals.

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Hallo World : understand the AIDS/HIV virus (The human immunodeficiency virus) with I'm World

 The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preys on the immune system and erodes people's resistance to a variety of illnesses and cancers that healthy immune systems are better able to combat. Infected individuals eventually lose their immunological capacity as the virus kills and damages immune cells. CD4 cell count is commonly used to assess immune function.

Depending on the individual, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the most advanced stage of HIV infection, might take many years to manifest. The emergence of certain tumors, infections, or other serious long-term clinical symptoms is what defines AIDS.

Depending on the stage of infection, the symptoms of HIV change. Although those who have HIV are typically most contagious in the first few months after becoming infected, many don't become aware of their condition until much later. People may suffer no symptoms in the first several weeks following first infection or flu-like symptoms, such as fever, headache, rash, or sore throat.

They may also have other signs and symptoms like swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, fever, diarrhea, and cough as the virus gradually weakens the immune system. In addition, they run the risk of contracting life-threatening conditions such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphomas, as well as cryptococcal meningitis, severe bacterial infections, and tuberculosis (TB).

Blood, breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions are just a few of the bodily fluids from infected people that can spread HIV. During pregnancy and delivery, a mother's HIV infection might pass to her kid. Normal daily interactions like kissing, hugging, shaking hands, or sharing of personal items, food, or water do not cause an infection in a person.

It is crucial to remember that HIV-positive individuals who are on ART and have their viral load lowered do not transfer the virus to their sexual partners. Therefore, early access to ART and encouragement to continue treatment are essential not just to improve the health of those living with HIV but also to stop the spread of HIV.

Risk Elements

Individuals are more likely to get HIV if they engage in the following behaviors and conditions:

sharing contaminated needles, syringes, and other injecting equipment and drug solutions when injecting drugs; engaging in condom-free anal or vaginal sex; having another STI like syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and bacterial vaginosis; using harmful alcohol and drug use during sexual activity; receiving unsafe injections, blood transfusions, and medical procedures that involve unsterile instruments;

Diagnostic

Rapid diagnostic assays with immediate findings can be used to diagnose HIV. This makes it much easier to correlate early diagnosis with care and therapy. Self-tests for HIV are another option for people. A confirmatory test must be performed by a certified and trained health or community worker in a community center or clinic because no one test can fully diagnose HIV positivity. Using WHO prequalified assays within a nationally accepted testing strategy and methodology, HIV infection can be found with high accuracy.

The majority of commonly used HIV diagnostic tests look for antibodies that an individual produces as part of their immunological response to combat HIV. People typically produce anti-HIV antibodies within 28 days after infection. People go through a period of time known as the "window period" during which they may have no symptoms of HIV infection and no high enough levels of HIV antibodies have been developed to be detected by routine tests, but they are also at risk of spreading the virus to others. After becoming infected and going without treatment and viral suppression, a person may pass HIV to a partner with whom they engage in sexual activity or drug use, or in the case of pregnant women, to their unborn child while they are nursing.

Prior to beginning lifelong therapy after receiving a positive diagnosis, individuals should be retested to rule out any possible testing or reporting error. When there are doubts regarding the veracity of an HIV patient's diagnosis or when they discontinue medication and care and need to be re-engaged, it is crucial to encourage them in continuing their treatment and to offer counseling messages and services.

While testing for teenagers and adults has become quick and easy, this is not the situation for infants born to mothers who are HIV-positive. Rapid antibody testing is insufficient for detecting HIV infection in children under the age of 18 months; virological testing must be done as early as at birth or at 6 weeks of age. It is now possible to run this test at the point of care and have results the same day, which will hasten the proper linkage to therapy and care.

Treatment

Antiretroviral (ARV) medication combinations can be used in treatment plans to control HIV illness. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) as it is practiced now slows viral replication while allowing an individual's immune system to recover, strengthen, and restore the ability to combat opportunistic infections, some malignancies, and HIV infection.

Since 2016, WHO has advocated Treat All, which calls for all HIV-positive individuals—including children, adolescents, adults, pregnant women, and nursing mothers—to get lifelong ART, regardless of their clinical status or CD4 cell level.

By June 2022, 189 nations had already enacted this suggestion, providing care for 99% of all HIV-positive individuals worldwide. In addition to the Treat All plan, WHO advises a prompt ART introduction for all HIV-positive individuals, including providing ART to those who are prepared to begin treatment the same day as their diagnosis. Nearly two-thirds of the 97 nations that reported adopting this strategy by June 2022 said it had been implemented nationally.

In 2021, 28.7 million HIV-positive individuals received ART globally. In 2021, there was 75% [66-85%] global ART coverage. To scale up treatment, though, additional work is required, especially for kids and teenagers. By the end of 2021, only 52% [42-65%] of youngsters (0-14 years old) were receiving ART.

The HIV response continues to struggle with advanced HIV illness. People who have advanced immune suppression continue to seek medical attention or re-seek it, which increases their risk of contracting opportunistic infections. To lower illness and mortality, WHO is assisting nations in implementing the advanced HIV disease package of care.

Prevention

By reducing their exposure to risk factors, individuals can lower their risk of contracting HIV. The following are important HIV preventive strategies that are frequently combined:

The use of male and female condoms; 

HIV prevention, testing, and counseling; 

voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC); 

the use of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for prevention (oral PrEP and long-acting products), the dapivirine vaginal ring, and injectable long-acting cabotegravir; 

harm reduction for people who inject drugs and use drugs; and the abolition of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV.

An essential feature of HIV prevention is expanding access to testing and promoting linkage to ART because HIV cannot be transmitted if a person's sexual partner is virally suppressed on ART.

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Indonesia has confirmed that monkeypox is present (Cacar Monyet), according to the RI Ministry of Health.

  

Kemenkes RI has confirmed that one Indonesian citizen has confirmed having the MONKEYPOX, also known as CACAR MONYET. The person in question is a 27-year-old woman named Pasien who had recently returned from a trip to another country before being arrested.

According to the report, the patient started experiencing symptoms of monkeypox on August 11, 2022, moved into the sole residence of the Kemenkes military on August 18, and had a positive PCR result on August 19.

Dr. Syahril, a juru bicara of the Kementerian Kesehatan RI, stated that the pasien were not sick and were adequately isolated from the outside world. Ia also encourages the populace to maintain their composure in the face of alarmingly high tular and cacar fatality rates relative to Covid-19.

According to a graph, there are currently 39,718 confirmed cases of cacar monyet worldwide, although just 12 people have died, or little under 0.001% of all cases. Additionally, Covid-19's method of transmission for monkeypox is not as straightforward as penularannya via erat-contained droplets.

Gejala cacar monyet is similar to gejala cacar air but is more ring-shaped. Demam, sakit kepala, nyeri otot, and kelelahan continued the gejala. The primary difference between gejala cacar air and cacar monyet is that cacar monyet results in pembengkakan on kelenjar getah bening (limfadenopati), but cacar air does not.

There won't be a tambahan infection or a berat komorbid that can affect the monkeypox's condition, so it will go away on its own and last for 2 to 4 weeks.

As a form of kewaspadaan, Kemenkes has been conducting intense pemantauan in every part of Indonesia, including the udara, laut, and darat. To encourage greater awareness of monkeypox, the Pemerintah has also given instructions to every Indonesian Dinas Kesehatan, every sakit home, and Puskesmas.

A crucial point to keep in mind in the context of pencegahan is the constant practice of a healthy lifestyle (PHBS) as well as the advancement of healthy lifestyle practices such rajin mencuci tangan, drinking alcohol, and using maskers.

Public Information and Communication Agency, Kemenkes RI (Republic of indonesia)

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Hallo World : WHO launches appeal to respond to urgent health needs in the greater Horn of Africa

 

Millions of lives are in peril, including children. US$ 123.7 million is needed for the health agency’s response until December 2022.

People's lives and health are in danger in the wider Horn of Africa as a result of an unprecedented food crisis. The World Health Organization is today launching a fundraising request for US$ 123.7 million in order to carry out critical, life-saving work.

More than 37.5 million people in the seven countries of the region—Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Uganda—are categorized as being in IPC phase 3, a stage of crisis where people must sell their possessions to buy food for themselves and their families and where malnutrition is rampant. Over 80 million people are estimated to live in food insecurity in these seven countries.

This area has developed into a hunger hotspot due to violence, climatic changes, and the COVID-19 epidemic, with severe effects on the health and lives of its residents.

Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of WHO, stated that hunger "is a direct threat to the health and survival of millions of people in the wider Horn of Africa, but it also weakens the body's defenses and opens the door to disease." In order to address this dual challenge, treat malnourished people, and protect them from infectious diseases, the WHO is looking to the international community for assistance.

The money will be used to take immediate action to save lives, such as strengthening national disease detection and response capabilities, acquiring and ensuring the supply of life-saving medications and equipment, identifying and filling gaps in health care infrastructure, and treating ill and severely malnourished children.

The issue is getting worse as it is anticipated that the upcoming rainy season will fail. Already, there have been instances of preventable infant and maternal fatalities. As violence, especially gender-based violence, is on the rise, there is a greater risk of trauma and injuries. Measles outbreaks are occurring in 6 of the 7 countries, despite low vaccination rates. Countries are battling cholera and meningitis outbreaks at the same time because of deteriorating hygienic conditions, a lack of clean water, and people leaving their homes on foot to obtain food, water, and pasture for their animals.

As more individuals are compelled to flee their countries, the estimated 4.2 million refugees and asylum seekers in the region are anticipated to grow. Communities find it more difficult to receive health care while traveling, a service that is already in short supply as a result of years of underinvestment and violence.

"It's important to make sure everyone has enough to eat. Making sure kids have access to clean water is essential. Access to basic healthcare services is particularly crucial under these circumstances, according to Dr. Michael Ryan, the executive director of the WHO's Health Emergencies Programme. For people caught up in these terrible conditions, services like therapeutic feeding programs, primary healthcare, immunization, safe deliveries, and mother and child services can mean the difference between life and death.

The World Health Organization has already issued $16.5 million from its Contingency Fund for Emergencies to guarantee that people have access to healthcare, to treat malnourished children who are sick, and to stop, identify, and contain infectious disease epidemics.

WHO expresses gratitude to its contributors for making it possible to carry out this vital job.

More Information Here.

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